FAPy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Fapy-adenine shows an increased trend levels in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.

7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1.

Allotetrahydrocortisol (5a-Tetrahydrocortisol) is a metabolite of Cortisol. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in human. It is produced in adrenal cortex and plays a crucial role in many physiological processes.

Tetrahydrocortisone is a stress-induced hormone. Tetrahydrocortisone is also a urinary metabolite of Cortisone derived from the reduction of Cortisone by 5-reductase.

Cysteinylglycine TFA is an endogenous metabolite and used in disease diagnosis.

Mevalonic acid lithium salt, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway, is essential for cell growth and proliferation.

L-hydroxylysine dihydrochloride ((2S,5R)-5-Hydroxylysine dihydrochloride), an amino acid, is exclusive to collagen protein, which is formed by posttranslational hydroxylation of some lysine residues.

Sparfosic acid trisodium, is a potent inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase, with anti-tumor and antimetabolite activity. Aspartate transcarbamoyl transferase catalyzes the second step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis.

V-9302 hydrochloride is a competitive antagonist of transmembrane glutamine flux. V-9302 hydrochloride selectively and potently targets the amino acid transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5). V-9302 hydrochloride inhibits ASCT2-mediated glutamine uptake (IC50=9.6 µM) in HEK-293 cells.

Bis-PEG1-PFP ester is a non-cleavable (1 unit PEG) ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

Bis-PEG2-PFP ester is also a non-cleavable 2 unit PEG ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Bis-PEG2-PFP ester is also a PEG-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.

Carnostatine hydrochloride (SAN9812 hydrochloride) is a potent and selective carnosinase 1 (CN1) inhibitor with a Ki of 11 nM for human recombinant CN1. Carnostatine hydrochloride can be used for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN).

HAMI 3379 is a potent and selective Cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT2) receptor antagonist. HAMI 3379 has a protective effect on acute and subacute ischemic brain injury, and attenuates microglia-related inflammation.

XL-784 free base is a selective matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor, with IC50s of ~1900, 0.81, 120, 10.8, 18, 0.56 nM for MMP-1，MMP-2，MMP-3，MMP-8，MMP-9，MMP-13，respectively.

(R)-CSN5i-3 is the (R)-enantiomer of CSN5i-3. CSN5i-3 is a potent, selective and orally available inhibitor of CSN5.

2-Selenouracil is a useful specialized photosensitizer for photodynamical therapy.

NUCC-390 is a novel and selective small-molecule CXCR4 receptor agonist. NUCC-390 can induce internalization of CXCR4 receptors.

(S)-IDO1-IN-5 (Example 1B) is an active S-isomer of IDO1-IN-5. (S)-IDO1-IN-5 binds to IDOL with an IC50 value less than 1.5 µΜ. IDO1-IN-5 is a potent, selective and brain penetrated inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, binds to apo-IDO1 lacking heme rather than mature heme-bound IDO1.

(Rac)-IDO1-IN-5 (Example 1) is a racemate of IDO1-IN-5. IDO1-IN-5 is a potent, selective and brain penetrated inhibitor of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity, binds to apo-IDO1 lacking heme rather than mature heme-bound IDO1.

(3R,4R)-A2-32-01 (compound 2), an anti-virulence drug, is a specific caseinolytic protein proteases (ClpP) inhibitor with an EC50 of 4.5 μM, and shows a tolerable cytotoxicity.

DBCO-NHCO-PEG4-NHS ester ester is a MMP-2- and cathepsin B- (CatB) cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs).

c(phg-isoDGR-(NMe)k) TFA is a selective and potent α5β1-integrin ligand with an IC50 of 2.9 nM.

RTI-118 is a novel small-molecule neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR) antagonist. RTI-118 can relieve drug addiction including selectively decrease cocaine self-administration.

GSK1702934A is a selective TRPC3 agonist. GSK1702934A modulates cardiac contractility and f arrhythmogenesis by activation of TRPC3.

BIP-135 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive GSK-3 inhibitor, with IC50s of 16 nM and 21 nM for GSK-3α and GSK-3β, respectively. BIP 135 exhibits neuroprotective effect.

CU-T12-9 is a specific TLR1/2 agonist with EC50 of 52.9 nM in HEK-Blue hTLR2 SEAP assay. CU-T12-9 activates both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. CU-T12-9 selectively activates the TLR1/2 heterodimer, not TLR2/6. CU-T12-9 signals through NF-κB and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors TNF-α, IL-10, and iNOS.

ML334 is a potent, cell permeable activator of NRF2 by inhibition of Keap1-NRF2 protein-protein interaction. ML334 binds to Keap1 Kelch domain with a Kd of 1 μM. ML334 stimulates NRF2 expression and nuclear translocation and induces antioxidant response elements (ARE) activity.

CINPA1 is a potent and specific inhibitor of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) that does not activate pregnane X receptor (PXR). CINPA1 reduces CAR-mediated transcription with an IC50 of ~70 nM. CINPA1 can be used as a molecular tool for understanding CAR function.

Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt (3β-Hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one monosulfate sodium salt) is a powerful neurosteroid, the main precursor of various steroid hormones including steroid ketones. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt acts as a signaling-specific inhibitor of cannabinoid CB1 receptor, inhibits the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that are mediated by the CB1 receptors. Pregnenolone monosulfate sodium salt can protect the brain from cannabis intoxication.

DSR-6434 is a potent and selective Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, with EC50s of 7.2 nM and 4.6 nM for human and mice TLR7, respectively. DSR-6434 has a strong antitumor effect.