Levoglucose, also known as L-Glucose, is the L-isomer of glucose. It is the enantiomer of the more common D-glucose. L-Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be synthesized in the laboratory. L-Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from D-glucose, but cannot be used by living organisms as source of energy because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase, the first enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Levoglucose may be used as diagnostic aid.

Fiboflapon, also known as AM-803 and GSK2190915, is a potent, oral, once daily FLAP inhibitor (5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor). GSK2190915 attenuated the early (0-2 h) and late (4-10 h) asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen compared with placebo. GSK2190915 shows potential as a treatment for patients with asthma. Efficacy was demonstrated for GSK2190915 30 mg compared with placebo in day-time symptom scores and day-time SABA use.

Lumiracoxib, also known as CGS 35189 and COX 189, is a COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, manufactured by Novartis and still sold in few countries, including Mexico, Ecuador and the Dominican Republic, under the trade name Prexige. Since its original approval, lumiracoxib has been withdrawn from the market in several countries, mostly due to its potential for causing liver failure (sometimes requiring liver transplantation). It has never been approved for use in the United States.

Kebuzone is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Kebuzone also known shown analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory activities. Kebuzone acts by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

Etelcalcetide is a calcium-sensing receptor agonist for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis. Etelcalcetide is administered intravenously at the end of each dialysis session. It functions by binding to and activating the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the parathyroid gland as an allosteric activator, resulting in PTH reduction and suppression. Elevated PTH is often observe in patients with CKD. AMG 416 is in clinic trials for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients.

Sodium phenylbutyrate is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen. It is an orphan drug, marketed by Ucyclyd Pharma under the trade name Buphenyl, by Swedish Orphan International (Sweden) as Ammonaps, and by Fyrlkl?vern Scandinavia as triButyrate. Sodium phenylbutyrate is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor and chemical chaperone, leading respectively to research into its use as an anti-cancer agent and in protein misfolding diseases such as cystic fibrosis.

Norharmane is a β-Carboline alkaloid that is widespread in plants and animals, and frequently act as benzodiazepine inverse agonists. Norharmane showed a potent inhibition against α-glucosidase enzyme in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 value of 0.27 mM for maltase and 0.41 mM for sucrase, respectively. A Lineweaver-Burk plot revealed that norharman inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme uncompetitively, with a Ki value of 0.13 mM.

Ertiprotafib, also known as PTP-112, is a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor (PTP1B inhibitor). Ertiprotafib normalized the plasma glucose and insulin levels in diabetic animal models, and progressed to a phase II clinical trial. Ertiprotafib is potentially useful for the treatment of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes. Ertiprotafib improves glycemic control and lowers lipids via multiple mechanisms. Ertiprotafib is also a potent inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta (IKK-beta), with an IC(50) of 400nM.

Cefiderocol, also known as S-649266, is a potent siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with a catechol moiety on the 3-position side chain. S-649266 shows potent in vitro activity against the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, including MDR strains such as carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and metallo-β-lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa. S-649266 showed potent in vitro activities against A. baumannii producing carbapenemases such as OXA-type β-lactamases, and P. aeruginosa producing metallo-β-lactamases such as IMP type and VIM type. FDA approved this drug in 11/14/2019 To treat patients with complicated urinary tract infections who have limited or no alternative treatment options

Pranidipine, also known as OPC-13340 and FRC 8411, is a potent and selective calcium channel blocker potentially for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. Pranidipine enhances nitric oxide-induced vascular relaxation. pranidipine prevents the left ventricular remodeling process accompanied by systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and inhibits abnormal cardiac gene expression after myocardial infarction.

Verubecestat, also known as MK-8931 or SCH 900931, is a potent and selective beta-secretase inhibitor, and BACE1 protein inhibitor or Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitor. Verubecestat is a promising novel therapeutic drug candidate in Alzheimer's disease. Verubecestat reduced Aβ cerebral spinal fluids (CSF) levels up to 92% and was well tolerated by patients.

Avoralstat, also known as BCX-4161, is a potent and orally active Kallikrein inhibitor and Bradykinin inhibitor. Avoralstat may be potentially useful for treatment for Hereditary angioedema. Avoralstat inhibits plasma kallikrein and suppresses bradykinin production. Bradykinin is the mediator of acute swelling attacks in HAE patients.

Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel, is an atypical antipsychotic approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and along with an antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. It is also sometimes used as a sleep aid because of its sedating effect but this use is not recommended. Quetiapine is a dopamine, serotonin, and adrenergic antagonist, and a potent antihistamine with clinically negligible anticholinergic properties. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors; the drug acts as partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors.

Bimolane is a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Bimolane has been widely used in China as an anti-neoplastic agent and for the treatment of psoriasis. Bimolane is also a leukemogenic agent and is thought to exert its effects through the inhibition of topoisomerase II. The results of enzyme and DNA titration assays indicate that inhibition of topoisomerase II by bimolane occurred through interactions with DNA, similar to the mechanism seen with the epipodophyllotoxin-type inhibitors. These results provide evidence that bimolane is an inhibitor of topoisomerase II in vitro.

Ziprazidone is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate. The mechanism of action of ziprasidone, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown. However, it has been proposed that this drug's efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2 (5HT2) antagonism. As with other drugs having efficacy in bipolar disorder, the mechanism of action of ziprasidone in bipolar disorder is unknown.

Vigabatrin, also known as gamma-vinyl-GABA, is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the breakdown of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by acting as a suicide inhibitor of GABA transaminase (GABA-T). It is a structural analog of GABA, but does not bind to GABA receptors. Vigabatrin is an irreversible suicide inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme responsible for the catabolism of GABA, which increases the level of GABA in the brain. Vigabatrin is a racemic compound, and its [S]-enantiomer is pharmacologically active.

Vardenafil, also known as BAY 38-9456, is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating erectile dysfunction. Vardenafil's indications and contra-indications are the same as with other PDE5 inhibitors; it is closely related in function to sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis). The difference between the vardenafil molecule and sildenafil citrate is a nitrogen atom's position and the change of sildenafil's piperazine ring methyl group to an ethyl group. Tadalafil is structurally different from both sildenafil and vardenafil. Vardenafil's relatively short effective time is comparable to but somewhat longer than sildenafil's.

Tymazoline (trade name Thymazen in Poland) is a nasal decongestant that can be used to treat rhinitis. It acts as an antihistaminic and sympathomimetic, reducing swelling, inflammation and mucosal secretions.

Tubocurarine is a toxic alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is now rarely used as an adjunct for clinical anesthesia because safer alternatives, such as cisatracurium and rocuronium, are available.

Trovafloxacin was a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was withdrawn from the market due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. It had better gram-positive bacterial coverage and less gram-negative coverage than the previous fluoroquinolones.

Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina. Due to its relatively short duration of effect (4–8 hours), it is typically used during eye examinations such as the dilated fundus examination, but it may also be used before or after eye surgery. Cycloplegic drops are often also used to treat anterior uveitis, decreasing risk of posterior synechiae and decreasing inflammation in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Triprolidine is an over-the-counter antihistamine with anticholinergic properties. It is used to combat the symptoms associated with allergies and is sometimes combined with other cold medications designed to provide general relief for flu-like symptoms. Like many antihistamines, the most common side effect is drowsiness. Triprolidine is a quick acting drug that can clear congestion and stop runny noses in 15–30 minutes. .

Trioxsalen is a photosenisitizer. It is obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A (the least damaging form of ultraviolet light) for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and hand eczema. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, which can cause programmed cell death unless repaired by cellular mechanisms. In research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of DNA damage.

Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections. Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It is taken by mouth. Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.

Trimethobenzamide is an antiemetic used to prevent nausea and vomiting. It is often prescribed for patients with gastroenteritis, medication-induced nausea, and other illnesses. Trimethobenzamide is generally considered the most potent antiemetic that does not have effects on the serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic systems, so it has a lower likelihood of causing undesired side effects. In the United States, it requires a prescription. Although the specific mechanism through which trimethobenzamide functions is unknown, it is believed to affect the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla oblongata.

Trimethadione is an oxazolidinedione anticonvulsant. It is most commonly used to treat epileptic conditions that are resistant to other treatments. Trimethadione (TMO) has the properties required of probe drugs for the evaluation of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in humans in vivo. TMO is demethylated to dimethadione (DMO), its only metabolite, in the liver after oral administration.

Benzhexol, also known as Trihexyphenidyl, is an antiparkinsonian agent of the antimuscarinic class. It has been in clinical usage for decades.

Trichlormethiazide is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension. In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal limbs and general bruising. As a diuretic (in particular a thiazide), trichlormethiazide encourages water loss from the body.

Triamcinolone is used to treat a number of different medical conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, ulcerative colitis, lupus, sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, ocular inflammation, Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, aphthous ulcers (usually as triamcinolone acetonide), visualization during vitrectomy and the prevention of asthma attacks. It will not treat an asthma attack once it has already begun. It has also been used off-label for macular degeneration.

Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)—it is a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). It is used as an antidepressant and anxiolytic agent in the clinical treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, respectively.