Dihydroxyacetone phosphate hemimagnesium hydrate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. It is a biochemical compound involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate hemimagnesium hydrate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

sn-Glycerol 3-phosphate lithium is produced by cytosolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase pathway through the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate using NADH formed during glycolysis.

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-oxamic acid is formed when Metronidazole is reduced either chemically or by the action of the intestinal bacteria. Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole antibiotic, has activity against various protozoans and most Gram-negative and Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria.

MPP+ iodide, a toxic metabolite of the neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ iodide is taken up by the dopamine transporter into dopaminergic neurons where it exerts its neurotoxic action on mitochondria by affecting complex I of the respiratory chain. MPP+ iodide is also a high affinity substrate for the serotonin transporter (SERT).

Mitochondrial respiration-IN-1 hydrobromide (compound 49) is a potent mitochondrial (IC50=8.8 mg/ml) extracted from patent US20110301180A1, compound 49. Mitochondrial respiration-IN-1 hydrobromide significantly reduces mitochondrial respiration in platelets.

LY-411575 isomer 3 is an isomer of LY411575, which is a potent γ-secretase.

Autotaxin modulator 1 is an autotaxin (ATX) enzyme, extracted from patent WO 2014018881 A1, Compound Example 12b. Autotaxin modulator 1 is expected to be useful for researching demyelination due to injury or disease, as well as for researching proliferative disorders such as cancer.

IDO-IN-8 (NLG-1487) is an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) extracted from patent WO WO2012142237A1, compound 1487, has an IC50 of 1-10 μM.

IDO-IN-6 (NLG-1486) is an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) extracted from patent WO WO2012142237A1, Compound 1486, has an IC50 of <1 μM.

SID 26681509 quarterhydrate is a potent, reversible, competitive, and selective of human cathepsin L with an IC50 of 56 nM. SID 26681509 quarterhydrate inhibits in vitro propagation of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and inhibits Leishmania major with IC50s of 15.4 μM and 12.5 μM, respectively. SID 26681509 quarterhydrate shows noy activity against cathepsin G.

Isolimonexic acid is a limonoid isolated from lemon (Citrus lemon L. Burm) seed, has anti-cancer and anti-aromatase (IC50=25.60 μM) properties.

Vicenin 1 is a C-glycosylflavone isolated from the aerial parts of Desmodium styracifolium, has any effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)(IC50=52.50 μM).

Atorvastatin Calcium

1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 3-Aminobenzotriazole, 1-Benzotriazolylamine, NSC 114498, NSC 656987) is a nonselective and irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. 1-Aminobenzotriazole is also a substrate and inhibitor of N-acetyltransferase (NAT).

Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway.

2-Ketoglutaric acid calcium (Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid calcium) is an intermediate in the production of ATP or GTP in the Krebs cycle. 2-Ketoglutaric acid calcium also acts as the major carbon skeleton for nitrogen-assimilatory reactions. 2-Ketoglutaric acid calcium is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM).

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (Garcinia acid) is the principal acid of fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid is a potent and competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid suppresses the fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis, food intake, and induced weight loss.

(R)-Trolox is a water soluble vitamin E analogue and a competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 0.83 mM and a ID50 value of 1.88 mM. The (R)-Trolox has stronger tyrosinase affinity than the (S) enantiomer (Ki value of 0.61 mM).

NCT-507 (NCT507) is a potent, selective, orally available ALDH1A1 inhibitor with IC50 of 7 nM (hALDH1A1), exhibits high specificity over other ALDH isozymes and unrelated dehydrogenases; also exhibits IC50 of 53 nM in MIA PaCa-2 Aldefluor cell-based assays; demonstrates target engagement in CETSA asssays, inhibits the formation of 3D spheroid cultures of OV-90 cancer cells, and potentiates the cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in SKOV-3-TR, a Paclitaxel resistant ovarian cancer cell line.

Sodium dichloroacetate is a metabolic regulator in cancer cells' mitochondria with anticancer activity. Sodium dichloroacetate inhibits PDHK, resulting in decreased lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment. Sodium dichloroacetate increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and promotes cancer cell apoptosis. Sodium dichloroacetate also works as NKCC inhibitor.

trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to prepare highly polyfunctionalized furan ring by reaction of alkyl isocyanides with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate. trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to synthesize trans-cinnamaldehyde -β-cyclodextrin complex, an antimicrobial edible coating that increases the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits.

4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde is a reversible aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) inhibitor, with a Ki of 4 nM for ALDH1. 4-Diethylaminobenzaldehyde displays potent anti-androgenic effect (IC50= 1.71μM).

L-Dihydroorotic acid can reversibly hydrolyze to yield the acyclic L-ureidosuccinic acid by dihydrowhey enzyme.

Tetradecanedioic acid is an endogenous metabolite and belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Tetradecanedioic acid can act as a candidate biomarker for organic anion-transporting polypeptide mediated drug-drug interactions .

9-cis-Retinal is a natural retinoid. Dietary 9-cis-β-carotene generates 9-cis-retinoids via cleavage into 9-cis-retinal. 9-cis Retinal binds to cellular retinol-binding protein-I (CRBP-I) and CRBP-II with Kds of 8 nM and 5 nM, respectively. 9-cis-Retinal expedites differentiation and maturation of rod photoreceptors in retinal organoids.

DX600 TFA is an ACE2 specific inhibitor, and do not cross-react with ACE.

GPLGIAGQ TFA, a MMP2-cleavable polypeptide, is used as a stimulus-sensitive linker in both liposomal and micellar nanocarriers for MMP2-triggered tumor targeting. GPLGIAGQ TFA can be used to synthesis unique MMP2-targeted photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

GPLGIAGQ, a MMP2-cleavable polypeptide, is used as a stimulus-sensitive linker in both liposomal and micellar nanocarriers for MMP2-triggered tumor targeting. GPLGIAGQ can be used to synthesis unique MMP2-targeted photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Microcystin LA, a natural toxin, exerts its cytotoxic exects by inhibiting the serine-threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A with IC50s of 0.3 and 0.3 nM, respectively.

Azure B is a cationic dye and the major metabolite of Methylene blue. Azure B is used in making Azure eosin stains for blood smear staining. Azure B is a high-potency, selective and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidases (MAO)-A, with IC50s of 11 and 968 nM for recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. Azure B possesses significant antidepressant-like effects.