Etynodiol diacetate is a steroidal progestin which is used as a hormonal contraceptive. Relative to other 19-nortestosterone derivatives, it has relatively little or no potency as an androgen, and, unlike most progestins but similarly to noretynodrel, also has some estrogenic effects.

Ethoxzolamide is a sulfonamide medication that functions as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of glaucoma and duodenal ulcers, and as a diuretic. It may also be used in the treatment of some forms of epilepsy.

Ethinyl Estradiol is a semisynthetic estrogen. The mechanism of action of ethinyl estradiol is as an Estrogen Receptor Agonist. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in oral contraceptives. Ethinyl estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor complex and enters the nucleus, activating DNA transcription of genes involved in estrogenic cellular responses. This agent also inhibits 5-alpha reductase in epididymal tissue, which lowers testosterone levels and may delay progression of prostatic cancer. In addition to its antineoplastic effects, ethinyl estradiol protects against osteoporosis. In animal models, short-term therapy with this agent has been shown to provide long-term protection against breast cancer, mimicking the antitumor effects of pregnancy.

Ethambutol Hydrochloride is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug used to treat tuberculosis. It is usually part of a wider treatment of drugs that include rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid. Ethambutol hydrochloride is an antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect.

Esmolol Hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of esmolol, a short and rapid-acting beta adrenergic antagonist belonging to the class II anti-arrhythmic drugs and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Esmolol hydrochloride competitively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle and reduces the contractility and cardiac rate of heart muscle, thereby decreasing cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demands. This agent also decreases sympathetic output centrally and blocks renin secretion. At higher doses, esmolol hydrochloride also blocks beta-2 receptors located in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, thereby leading to smooth muscle relaxation.

Epoprostenol Sodium is a potent vasodilator and antiplatelet substance with a very short physiologic half-life. The sodium salt is used primarily for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Epoprostenol sodium inhibits platelet aggregation. It is biosynthesized enzymatically from prostaglandin endoperoxides in human vascular tissue.

(-)-Epinephrine is a natural predominant neurotransmitter that is released from the adrenal medulla and activates adrenoceptors. (-)-Epinephrine has been found to be an effective β2-agonist and bronchiodialator. (-)-Epinephrine is an activator of β2-AR. Through these receptors, (-)-epinephrine may induce either contraction or relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, depending on adrenoceptor subtype expression. Receptor-mediated actions of (-)-epinephrine are also relevant to blocking anaphylaxis, reversing cardiac arrest, and reducing bleeding in clinical trials.

Enprofylline is a xanthine derivative used in the treatment of asthma, which acts as a bronchodilator. It acts primarily as a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with relatively little activity as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Enprofylline is used in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Long-term enprofylline administration may be associated with elevation in liver enzyme levels and unpredictable blood levels.

Enoximone is a selective phosphodiesterase III (PDE3) inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. Enoximone prevents the degradation of cAMP by PDE, which prolongs signal transduction and its subsequent effects. It is used in patients with congestive heart failure.

Enoxacin is an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and gonorrhea. Enoxacin is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is structurally related to nalidixic acid. It acts on DNA gyrase. Insomnia is a common adverse effect. Recently, enoxacin has been shown recently that it may have cancer inhibiting effect.

Emedastine Difumarate is the difumarate salt form of emedastine, a second generation, selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist with anti-allergic activity. This medication is an antihistamine, prescribed for allergic conjunctivitis. It blocks histamine's action, which reduces allergy symptoms. Emedastine reversibly and competitively blocks histamine by binding to H1 receptors, thus blocking its downstream activity. As a result, this agent interferes with mediator release from mast cells either by inhibiting calcium ion influx across mast cell/basophil plasma membrane or by inhibiting intracellular calcium ion release within the cells. Upon ocular administration, emedastine causes a dose-dependent inhibition of histamine-stimulated vascular permeability in the conjunctiva.

Echothiophate iodide is a potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma. Echothiophate iodide covalently binds by its phosphate group to serine group at the active site of the cholinesterase. Once bound, the enzyme is permanently inactive and the cell has to make new enzymes. Echothiophate binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Because of the very slow rate at which echothiophate is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase, its effects can last a week or more. It is used as an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of chronic glaucoma and, in some cases, accommodative esotropia. It is available under several trade names such as Phospholine Iodide.

Dyphylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of respiratory disorders like asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. Dyphylline is a xanthine derivative with bronchodilator and vasodilator effects. It also acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Dyphilline probably acts as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP. This results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and other smooth muscles.

Dyclonine Hydrochloride is an oral local anesthetic. Dyclonine reversibly binds to activated sodium channels on the neuronal membrane, thereby decreasing the neuronal membrane's permeability to sodium ions, leading to an increased threshold for excitation. This reversibly stabilizes the membrane and inhibits depolarization, leading to the failure of a propagated action potential and subsequent conduction blockade. This results in a transient and reversible loss of sensation in a localized area of the body.

Droperidol is a D1DR and D2DR inhibitor, an antidopaminergic drug used as an antiemetic and antipsychotic. Droperidol is also often used for neuroleptanalgesic anesthesia and sedation in intensive-care treatment. It has also been used as an antipsychotic in doses ranging from 5 to 10 mg given as an intramuscular injection, generally in cases of severe agitation in a psychotic patient who is refusing oral medication. Its use in intramuscular sedation has been replaced by intramuscular preparations of haloperidol, midazolam, clonazepam and olanzapine.

Doxycycline Hyclate is the hyclate salt form of a synthetic, broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic exhibiting antimicrobial activity. It is an antimicrobial tetracycline that acts as an inhibitor of a wide range of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of MMP-1 and MMP-8. Doxycycline hyclate binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, possibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit as well, thereby blocking the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis.

Doxazosin is an α-1 adrenergic receptor blocker that inhibits the binding of norepinephrine, which is released from sympathetic nerve terminals, to the α-1 receptors on the membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells. Blockages of the alpha-1 adrenergic action on the vascular smooth muscles lead to a decrease in vascular resistance and antihypertensive activity. This agent also shows high affinity to alpha-1c adrenoceptor, the predominant functional type in the prostate, which may partially attribute to its effect in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It is an anti-glaucoma agent, and acts by decreasing the production of aqueous humour. It is administered as a topical ophthalmic in the form of a 2% solution.

Dolasetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Its main effect is to reduce the activity of the vagus nerve, which is a nerve that activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata. It does not have much antiemetic effect when symptoms are due to motion sickness. This drug does not have any effect on dopamine receptors or muscarinic receptors.

Dobutamine is a sympathomimetic drug used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Its primary mechanism is direct stimulation of β1 receptors of the sympathetic nervous system.

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication used in the treatment of Ventricular Tachycardia. It is a sodium channel blocker and therefore classified as a Class 1a anti-arrhythmic agent. Disopyramide has a negative inotropic effect on the ventricular myocardium, significantly decreasing the contractility.

Diphenylpyraline is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic effects of the diphenylpiperidine class.

Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine possessing anticholinergic, antitussive, antiemetic, and sedative properties that is mainly used to treat allergies. It is also used in the management of drug-induced parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal symptoms.

Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter antiemetic used for the treatment of the symptoms of motion sickness.

Diltiazem is a nondihydropyridines (non-DHP) calcium channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia. It relaxes the smooth muscles in the walls of arteries, which opens (dilates) the arteries, allows blood to flow more easily, and lowers blood pressure.

Diloxanide is a luminal amebicide used in the treatment of amebiasis. It is considered the luminal agent of choice for mild intestinal amebiasis or asymptomatic cyst carriers. It can also be added to metronidazole (active drug in luminal and extraintestinal amebiasis) in acute amebic dysentery as well as hepatic abscess (In hepatic abscess it is for the control of cysts in the lumen which may cause relapse).

Dihydrotachysterol is a synthetic vitamin D analog activated in the liver that does not require renal hydroxylation like vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). DHT has a rapid onset of action (2 hours), a shorter half-life, and a greater effect on mineralization of bone salts than does vitamin D.

Dienestrol is a synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms. It is an estrogen receptor agonist. Estrogens work partly by increasing a normal clear discharge from the vagina and making the vulva and urethra healthy. Using or applying an estrogen relieves or lessens: dryness and soreness in the vagina, itching, redness, or soreness of the vulva. Conditions that are treated with vaginal estrogens include a genital skin condition (vulvar atrophy), inflammation of the vagina (atrophic vaginitis), and inflammation of the urethra (atrophic urethritis).

Dicyclomine is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic receptors. Dicyclomine is used to treat intestinal hypermotility and the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (also known as spastic colon). It relieves muscle spasms and cramping in the gastrointestinal tract by blocking the activity of acetylcholine on cholinergic (or muscarinic) receptors on the surface of muscle cells. It is a smooth muscle relaxant.

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions. It is supplied as or contained in medications under a variety of trade names. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Diclofenac binds and chelates both isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and-2), thereby blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to pro-inflammatory-proprostaglandins. This agent also may inhibit COX-2-mediated tumor angiogenesis. When inhibiting COX-2, Diclofenac may be effective in relieving pain and inflammation; when inhibiting COX-1, it may produce unacceptable gastrointestinal side effects. This agent may be more active against COX-2 than several other carboxylic acid-containing NSAIDs.