GPR119 agonist 4 is a GPR119 agonist and oral glucose-lowering agent with a human GPR119 EC50 of 42 nM.GPR119 agonist 4 activates GPR119.GPR119 agonist 4 reduces blood glucose area under the curve in an oral glucose tolerance test.GPR119 agonist 4 exhibits improved clearance in liver microsomes.GPR119 agonist 4 can be used for the research of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

GP515 is a potent and selective adenosine kinase inhibitor with a human IC50 of 4 nM. GP515 exerts tissue protective effects, produces long-lasting hepatic microcirculation effects after hemorrhagic shock, and induces dose- and time-related VEGF mRNA and protein expression in normoxic rat myocardial myoblasts, with additive VEGF increases during mild hypoxia and no effect during severe hypoxia. GP515 suppresses IFNγ synthesis and CD69 expression in DSS-induced colitis. GP515 also shows a dose-dependent suppression of TNF-α production with an IC50 of 80 μM and can be reversed in the presence of the cAMP antagonist (Rp)-cAMPS. Combinations of GP515 with either adenosine or rolipram led to an additive inhibition of TNF-α synthesis. GP515 can be used for the research of hemorrhagic shock.

GP130 (G130) is a psychostimulant agent, exhibiting antagonist activity against central nervous system depressing agents[2.

Gosogliptin hydrochloride is the hydrochloride of Gosogliptin. Gosogliptin (PF-00734200) is a potent, orally active, selective, and competitive inhibitor of DPP-IV, the enzyme mainly responsible for the degradation of the incretin peptides GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Gosogliptin demonstrates rapid and reversible inhibition of plasma DPP-4 activity. Gosogliptin stimulates insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance.

GNE-5472 is a potent bifunctional ERα PRRTAC degrader, with its E3 ligand being a pan-IAP antagonist. GNE-5472 antagonizes cIAP1/2, activating the non-classical NF-κB pathway, resulting in a significant upregulation of TNFα expression. GNE-5472 inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis. GNE-5472 can be used for the study of breast cancer. (Pink: Estrogen Receptor/ERR ligand ; Blue: IAP ligand ; Black: linker).

GNE-3565 is an arylsulfonamide class NaV1.7 inhibitor with subnanomolar channel blockage and mixed subtype selectivity.GNE-3565 can be used for the research of pain.

GNE-140 is an orally active and selective inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A, B and C, with IC50 values of 3, 5 and 5 nM against LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, respectively. GNE-140 blocks the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, reduces lactate production and histone lysine lactylation, and inhibits glycolysis. GNE-140 attenuates cardiac hypertrophy, alleviates PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, blocks MRSA-induced Arg1 expression, regulates metabolites of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, reduces glucose uptake, increases ROS, and induces cancer cell apoptosis. GNE-140 is applicable to research related to pathological cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary fibrosis, MRSA infection and pancreatic cancer.

GMNN modulator-1 is a GMNN modulator.

Gly-PEG3-BA is an EML4-ALK PROTAC degrader. Gly-PEG3-BA effectively reduces EML4-ALK with a DC50 value of 0.50 μM in H3122 (EML4-ALK) cells. Gly-PEG3-BA effectively reduces EGFR mutant (L858R/T790M) levels with a DC50 of 20.15 μM in H1975 (EGER-L858R/T790M) cells. Gly-PEG3-BA exerts potent antiproliferation activity in H3122 (EML4-ALK) and H1975 (EGER-L858R/T790M) cells with IC50s value of 0.84 and 20.74 μM. Gly-PEG3-BA can be used for non-small lung cancer research.

Glutathioselenol (GS-SeH) is a nucleoside metabolite.

Glutathionylaminopropylcadaverine is a key biomarkers distinguishing stage II and stage III thyroid cancer.

Glutathione sulfinanilide (GSOAN) is a derivative of Nitrosobenzene. Glutathione sulfinanilide can be generated by the reaction of Nitrosobenzene with GSH. Glutathione sulfinanilide is degradable in rat liver homogenate.

Glutaminase C-IN-3 is a potent allosteric inhibitor of Glutaminase C (GAC) with an EC50 of 116 nM. Glutaminase C-IN-3 regulates cellular metabolites and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blocking glutamine metabolism. Glutaminase C-IN-3 exhibits strong antitumor activity in an A549 xenograft mouse model. Glutaminase C-IN-3 can be used for the research of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Glucosylceramide synthase-IN-6 (G3-3B) is a glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor that can be used for the study of the diseases and disorders associated with GCS activity, such as lysosomal storage disorders.

Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP) is a synthetic analogue of muramil-dipeptide. Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide inhibits 5'-nucleotidase activity. Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide produces marked antitumor effect. Glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide can be used in sepsis research.

Glucagon receptor antagonist-8 (Compound 1) is a human glucagon receptor and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase antagonist, with IC50s of 0.27 μM and 0.16 μM, respectively.

Glucagon receptor antagonist-10 (Compound 11) is a glucagon receptor antagonist with a pIC50 of 7.154. Glucagon receptor antagonist-10 can be used in studies of glucose homeostasis.

GLP-1R-agonist-43 (Compound A) is an orally active GLP-1R agonist with an EC50 of 2.68 nM. GLP-1R-agonist-43 can be used in the research of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) and obesity.

GLP-1R agonist 44 is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist. GLP-1R agonist 44 can be used for the research of diseases related to GLP-1R, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, nephropathy, gout, hematuria, cardiovascular disease.

GLP-1R agonist 35 (Compound 111-2) is a GLP-1R agonist with an EC50 of 0-10 nM. GLP-1R agonist 36 can be used for the studies of diabetes and obesity.

GLP-1 receptor agonist 18 is an orally active GLP-1 receptor agonist with an EC50 of 0.22 nM. GLP-1 receptor agonist 18 can reduces blood sugar levels and body weight. GLP-1 receptor agonist 18 can be used for the research of diabetes.

Glaspimod is a haemoregulatory peptide.

GIT1-IN-1 is an inhibitor of ARF GTPase-activating protein 1 (GIT1) with a KD of 6.2 μM. GIT1-IN-1 induces apoptosis (apoptosis) in liver and colon cancer cells, arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, and inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation and migration. GIT1-IN-1 inhibits the activities of MEK and ERK, reduces the expression level of cyclin D1, and stabilizes cyclin B1 protein in liver and colon cancer cells. GIT1-IN-1 can be used in the research of liver cancer and colon cancer.

GIPR antagonist 2 (Example 14) is a GIPR antagonist that can be used for the study of diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Ginsenoside C-K hexapropionate ester (Structure 2) is a selective agonist of LXRα, with no significant activation effect on LXRβ. Ginsenoside C-K hexapropionate ester upregulates the expression of downstream genes such as ABCA1 by activating LXRα, promoting reverse cholesterol transport, and reducing lipid deposition in macrophage-derived foam cells. It can be used in the research of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside C-K hexapropionate ester is a derivative synthesized from ginsenoside Compound K, an active metabolite of Panax notoginseng saponins, by modification with propionic anhydride.

Gentamicin B (SCH-14342) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that can be isolated from Micromonospora echinospora. Gentamicin B can be used for the research of ataxia potential and renal toxicity.

Gem-C12 is a prodrug of Gemcitabine. Gem-C12 terminates DNA chain elongation, inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and induces Apoptosis. Gem-C12 inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells. Gem-C12 and Honokiol exhibit synergistic anti-glioblastoma activity. Gem-C12 can be used in research related to glioblastoma multiforme.

Gd-PCTA-Ach is a macrocyclic gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent with high kinetic inertness and moderate albumin affinity. The albumin-binding property of Gd-PCTA-Ach effectively prolongs its blood circulation time. Gd-PCTA-Ach is mainly cleared via the kidneys, while approximately 10% of the dose is excreted through the hepatobiliary pathway, exhibiting a unique dual-channel excretion profile. Gd-PCTA-Ach enables high-quality imaging of brain and liver tumor lesions, and has important application value in diagnostic studies of liver cancer and glioma.

GCB-27b is an immunostimulant that binds to CD1d. GCB-27b forms a stable and long-lasting complex with CD1d, which is presented to the TCR of NKT cells to drive immune responses. GCB-27b induces a Th1-skewed immune response in *Mus musculus*, resulting in high expression of IFN−γ with restricted IL-4 levels. GCB-27b is applicable to research related to lung metastasis of melanoma.

GATT-44 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) ligand with an IC50 of 126 nM. GATT-44 shows selectivity for GAT-2, GAT-3 and BGT-1 subtypes, and undergoes copper-mediated 18F-radiofluorination. The radiolabeled GATT-44 ([18F]GATT-44) exhibits brain uptake, metabolic stability and high GAT-1 binding specificity in non-human primates. GATT-44 is applicable for research on neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases.