Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) functions as a versatile signaling molecule, acting both intracellularly and extracellularly. Within cells, it serves as a secondary messenger, playing a key role in calcium ion (Ca²⁺) mobilization. Externally, S1P acts as a ligand, binding to and activating a range of G protein-coupled receptors, including S1P1-5 receptors as well as GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. This bioactive lipid is synthesized from sphingomyelin and other membrane phospholipids, highlighting its importance as a critical mediator in various cellular processes.

N-β-alanyldopamine hydrochloride, commonly referred to as NBAD hydrochloride, stands as the primary dopamine derivative found in haemolymph.

K306 is a small molecule agonist that specifically targets SH2-containing 5' inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1), an enzyme involved in regulating cellular signaling pathways. SHIP1 is a lipid phosphatase that hydrolyzes the 5' phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), converting it to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2). This activity modulates the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) signaling pathway, which is critical for cell survival, proliferation, and immune responses.

H-Ile-Pro-Pro-OH hydrochloride, a milk-derived peptide, inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an IC50 of 5 μM. Antihypertensive tripeptides.

H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH (TFA) is a trifluoroacetate (TFA) salt form of the tripeptide H-Val-Pro-Pro-OH, which is derived from milk proteins. This peptide is known for its ability to inhibit Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that regulates blood pressure. The TFA salt form is commonly used in research and pharmaceutical applications to improve the solubility and stability of the peptide.

Evolocumab (AMG 145) is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits PCSK9. Evolocumab binds to the circulating PCSK9 protein, inhibiting it from binding to the LDLR. Evolocumab can be used for the research of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

Oglemilast(GRC3886) is a potent PDE4 inhibitor, under clinical studies in the treatment of allergen-induced asthma.

Cathepsin Inhibitor 1 is an inhibitor of Cathepsin (L, L2, S, K, B) with pIC50 of 7.9, 6.7, 6.0, 5.5 and 5.2, respectively.

Dovramilast (CC-11050) is a potent and orally active phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, CC-11050 is a promising candidate for host directed therapy of patients with pulmonary TB.

Tigulixostat is a novel (indolyl)heteroarylcarboxylate derivatives effective as non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor, which lowers the production of uric acid.

Thioquinapiperifil dihydrochloride (KF31327), a potent, selective and non-competitive phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5, IC50 of 0.074 nM) inhibitor, is used for sexual enhancement study.

LX1606 is an orally bioavailable, small-molecule, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor with potential antiserotonergic activity.

Lodenafil (Hydroxyhomosildenafil) is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).

URB597 is a potent, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor with IC50 of 4.6 nM, with no activity on other cannabinoid-related targets.

VU0285655-1 is a potent, selective inhibitor of PLD2, induces autophagy in colorectal cancer cells

THPP-1, a SGC chemical probe, is a potent and orally bioavailable phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitor, with Ki values of 1 nM and 1.3 nM for human and rat PDE10A, respectively. THPP-1 has excellent pharmacokinetic properties in preclinical species.

MAO-IN-M30 dihydrochloride is an orally active, brain-permeable, and brain selective irreversible MAO-A (IC50=37 nM) and MAO-B (IC50=57 nM) inhibitor. MAO-IN-M30 dihydrochloride is a potent iron chelator and radical scavenger. MAO-IN-M30 dihydrochloride has a neuroprotective effect against Dexamethasone-induced brain cell apoptosis. MAO-IN-M30 dihydrochloride also exhibits neurorestorative activity in post MPTP and lactacystin models of Parkinson's disease.

NLG802 is a prodrug of indoximod, an orally active indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor.

hDHODH-IN-8 is a potent inhibitor of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) with an IC50 of 16 nM. hDHODH-IN-8 has potent antiproliferative activity and excellent aqueous solubility. hDHODH-IN-8 has the potential for the research of tumor disease, especially lymphoma.

Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK is a potent, selective, irreversible neutral pH 7.2 inhibitor of Cathepsin B with IC50 of 13 nM, >100-fold higher potent than at pH 4.6 (IC50=1,830 nM). Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK displayed high specificity for cathepsin B compared to other lysosomal cysteine cathepsins. Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK selectively inhibits cathepsin B cleavage of peptides at neutral cytosolic pH compared to acidic lysosomal pH conditions. Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK completely inhibited cathepsin B in human neuroblastoma cell lysates at 1 uM. Z-Arg-Lys-AOMK is cell permeable and inhibits intracellular cathepsin B.

ADAM9i is a specific small molecule inhibitor of ADAM9 protein with binding KD of 5.9 uM and enzyme IC50 of 5.2 uM, promotes the selective degradation of KRAS and sensitizes pancreatic cancers to chemotherapy.

Zagociguat is the stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase. Zagociguat increases nitric oxide (NO) signaling leading to an increase in cyclic guanosine monophosphate production. Zagociguat has the potential for the research of noncentral nervous system (CNS) disorders.

MAGL-IN-1 is a potent, selective, reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAGL, with an IC50 of 80 nM. MAGL-IN-1 exhibits anti-proliferative effects against human breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer cells. MAGL-IN-1 blocks MAGL in cell-based as well as in vivo assays.

NNGH is a stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) inhibitor. MMP-3 is both a direct transcriptional target and a necessary contributor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a well-defined role in later stages of tumor progression.

1,3-Butanediol, an ethanol dimer providing a source of calories for human nutrition. 1,3-Butanediol is converted in the body to β-hydroxybutyrate and has cerebral protective and hypoglycaemic effect.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine TFA, a long-chain acylcarnitine and a fatty acid metabolite, accumulates in the sarcolemma and deranges the membrane lipid environment during ischaemia.

NAZ2329, the first cell-permeable inhibitor of R5 subfamily of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), allosterically and preferentially inhibits PTPRZ (IC50=7.5 µM for hPTPRZ1) and PTPRG (IC50=4.8 µM for hPTPRG) over other PTPs. NAZ2329 bind

MZ-101 is a potent, selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) with IC50 of 41 nM (human GYS1), with no inhibition against GYS2.

AD-5591 (AD5591) is a potent, selective, new generation small molecule ALDH2 activator, has the improved biological activities and pharmacological properties compared to Alda-1. AD-5591 (100  μM) significantly increases the enzymatic activity of recombinant WT and mutant human ALDH2 proteins. AD-5591 is the active form of AD-9308.

AD-9308 is a water-soluble, orally bioavailable, potent, and highly selective ALDH2 activator, AD-9308 is a valine ester prodrug of a potent and selective small molecule ALDH2 activator AD-5591.