Amthamine is a histamine receptor (H1R-H4R) agonist. Amthamine can produce liver congestion and necrosis of liver cells. Amthamine can be used to study the induction effect of H1R-H4 agonist on hepatotoxicity.

Linopirdine (DuP 996) is an orally active, selective M-type K+ current (IM; Kv7; KCNQ Channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.4 μM. Linopirdine is a TRPV1 agonist. Linopirdine, a putative cognition enhancing agent, increases acetylcholine release in rat brain tissue.

SOD1-Derlin-1 inhibitor 56-59 is a cell-permeable, small molecule inhibitor of SOD1-Derlin-1 interaction, target SOD1 DBR and clearly attenuates the interactions of Derlin-1 with 122 types of SOD1mut in the cell-based co-immunoprecipitation assay.

GPR35 agonist 2 (compound 11) is a potent agonist of GPR35, with EC50s of 26 and 3.2 nM in the β-arrestin and Ca2+ release assay, respectively.

ONT-093, also known as OC-144-093, is an orally bioavailable P-glycoprotein pump inhibitor, for the potential reversal of multidrug resistance in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. ONT-093 could inhibit P-gp and reverse multidrug resistance at nM concentrations with no effect on paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. OC144-093 is the least non-specifically toxic Pgp inhibitor described to date, with an average cytostatic IC50 of >60 microM in 15 cell types. OC144-093 may represent an ideal candidate for use in enhancement of AED blood-brain barrier penetration.

Gamabufotalin (Gamabufagin), a main active compound isolated from Chinese medicine Chansu, has been shown to strongly inhibit cancer cell growth and inflammatory response. Gamabufotalin could inhibite angiogenesis by inhibiting the activation of VEGFR-2 signaling pathways.

α-Spinasterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside is a sterol glucoside that can be isolated from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis.

Flagelin 22 TFA, a fragment of bacterial flagellin, is an effective elicitor in both plants and algae.

3-O-galloylmucic acid is a natural flavonoid that can be found in Ardisia splendens.

Tectochrysin (Techtochrysin) is one of the major flavonoids of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel. Tectochrysin inhibits activity of NF-κB.

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Erigeside I is a free radical scavenger isolated from Erigeron breviscapus.

Isosinensetin is a flavonoid compound and an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and PTP1B (IC50: 2.61 µM; Ki: 0.92 µM). Isosinensetin inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in MDR1-MDCKII cells. Isosinensetin has multiple activities such as anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.

Songorine is a BBB-permeable diterpenoid alkaloid isolated from the genus Aconitum. Songorine is a GABAA receptor antagonist in rat brain and has anti cancer, antiarrhythmic and anti-inflammatory activities. Songorine has the potential for the treatment of Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

Icariside I is a metabolite of Icarlin, which could regulate bone remodeling and is recognized as an effective agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Cucurbitacin IIb is an active component isolated from Hemsleya amabilis, induces apoptosis with anti-inflammatory activity. Cucurbitacin IIb inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3, JNK and Erk1/2, enhances the phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB (p65), blocks nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) and decreases mRNA levels of IκBα and TNF-α.

(20R)-Protopanaxdiol has protective effect on myocardial ischemia, which may be related to improving free radicals metabolism and myocardial metabolism, decreasing plasma TXA 2 levels.

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Edpetiline is an anti-inflammatory agent. Edpetiline inhibits the phosphorylation of IκB, nuclear transcription/translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK. Edpetiline reduces intracellular ROS levels, inhibits the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and promotes the expression of IL-4. Edpetiline is applicable to the research of diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.

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3′,6-Disinapoylsucrose is a type of oligosaccharide that's effective when taken orally, and it has antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and antioxidant properties. 3′,6-Disinapoylsucrose inhibits neuronal apoptosis by lowering the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in hippocampal neurons, and it enhances cognitive function in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by activating the CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.

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20(R)-Notoginsenoside R2 is an isolated notoginsenoside from Panax notoginseng.

3'-Methoxyapiin (Graveobioside B) is a flavone. 3'-Methoxyapiin can be found in Uraria crinite and celery.

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Sanguinarine (Sanguinarin) gluconate, a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.

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Baohuoside I, a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium koreanum Nakai, acts as an inhibitor of CXCR4, downregulates CXCR4 expression, induces apoptosis and shows anti-tumor activity.

1,3,5,8-Tetrahydroxyxanthone (Desmethylbellidifolin) is a natural xanthone extracted from Swertia chirata. 1,3,5,8-Tetrahydroxyxanthone has antispasmodic effect and anti-inflammatory activity.